Smoking cessation knowledge and perceptions of cancer care providers at six Latin American cancer institutions.

Objective: To assess the characteristics, self-reported tobacco use, knowledge, and perceptions about smoking cessation among cancer care providers (CCPs), as well as perceived barriers to inform interventions that can potentially improve quitting rates and the prognosis of cancer patients in Latin America. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 996 CCPs in six cancer institutions located in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. An online survey consisting of 28 close-ended questions adapted from the 2012 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer survey and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey was administered. Results: The majority of CCPs, ranging from 86.1% in Mexico to 95.9% in Brazil, agreed or strongly agreed that smoking cessation should be integrated into cancer treatment. However, inadequate training on smoking cessation was reported by 66.9%, 69.4%, 70.4%, 72.9%, 85.8%, and 86.4% in Mexico, Colombia (Floridablanca), Argentina, Peru, Brazil, and Colombia (Medellín), respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Moreover, current cigarette smoking prevalence among CCPs was 2.5% in Brazil, 4.6% in Peru, 6.3% in Colombia (Floridablanca), 10.4% in Colombia (Medellín), 11.5% in Mexico, and 15.1% in Argentina, showing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Efforts in Latin America should be geared toward assisting CCPs with their quitting efforts and training in smoking cessation practices aimed at achieving a better prognosis and improving cancer patients' quality of life.

Smoking cessation knowledge and perceptions of cancer care providers at six Latin American cancer institutions

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess the characteristics, self-reported tobacco use, knowledge, and perceptions about smok- ing cessation among cancer care providers (CCPs), as well as perceived barriers to inform interventions that can potentially improve quitting rates and the prognosis of cancer patients in Latin America. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 996 CCPs in six cancer institutions located in Argen- tina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. An online survey consisting of 28 close-ended questions adapted from the 2012 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer survey and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey was administered. Results. The majority of CCPs, ranging from 86.1% in Mexico to 95.9% in Brazil, agreed or strongly agreed that smoking cessation should be integrated into cancer treatment. However, inadequate training on smoking cessation was reported by 66.9%, 69.4%, 70.4%, 72.9%, 85.8%, and 86.4% in Mexico, Colombia (Floridab- lanca), Argentina, Peru, Brazil, and Colombia (Medellín), respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Moreover, current cigarette smoking prevalence among CCPs was 2.5% in Brazil, 4.6% in Peru, 6.3% in Colombia (Floridablanca), 10.4% in Colombia (Medellín), 11.5% in Mexico, and 15.1% in Argentina, showing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Efforts in Latin America should be geared toward assisting CCPs with their quitting efforts and training in smoking cessation practices aimed at achieving a better prognosis and improving cancer patients’ quality of life.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar entre los prestadores de atención a pacientes con cáncer las características, el consumo de tabaco referido por la misma persona, sus conocimientos y sus impresiones acerca de dejar de fumar, así como los obstáculos percibidos, para sustentar las intervenciones que puedan mejorar las tasas de aban- dono del consumo y el pronóstico de los pacientes con cáncer en América Latina. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 996 prestadores de atención oncológica en seis instituciones oncológicas ubicadas en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, México y Perú. Se realizó una encuesta en línea con 28 preguntas cerradas adaptadas de la encuesta de la Asociación Internacional para el Estudio del Cáncer de Pulmón del 2012 y la Encuesta Mundial de Tabaquismo en Adultos. Resultados. La mayoría de los prestadores de atención oncológica, del 86,1% en México al 95,9% en Brasil, estuvieron de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo con que el abandono del tabaco debería integrarse en el tratamiento del cáncer. Sin embargo, 66,9%, 69,4%, 70,4%, 72,9%, 85,8% y 86,4% en México, Colombia (Floridablanca), Argentina, Perú, Brasil y Colombia (Medellín), respectivamente, dieron parte de una formación inadecuada en cuanto al abandono del tabaco, y esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Además, la prevalencia actual del consumo de tabaco entre los proveedores de atención oncológica fue de 2,5% en Brasil, 4,6% en Perú, 6,3% en Colombia (Floridablanca), 10,4 % en Colombia (Medellín), 11,5% en México y 15,1% en Argentina, y mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Conclusiones. En América Latina, deben canalizarse los esfuerzos para ayudar a los prestadores de atención oncológica a abandonar el consumo de tabaco y apoyarlos en la capacitación acerca de las prácticas de abandono del tabaco dirigidas a lograr un pronóstico más favorable y mejorar la calidad de vida de los paci- entes con cáncer.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar as características, o uso autorrelatado de tabaco, o conhecimento e as percepções sobre o abandono do tabagismo entre os profissionais da área de oncologia (PAO), bem como as barreiras perce- bidas, a fim de guiar intervenções que possam melhorar as taxas de abandono e o prognóstico de pacientes com câncer na América Latina. Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 996 PAO em seis instituições de oncologia localizadas na Argentina, no Brasil, na Colômbia, no México e no Peru. Administrou-se uma pesquisa on-line com 28 pergun- tas fechadas, adaptadas do levantamento realizado em 2012 pela Associação Internacional para o Estudo do Câncer de Pulmão e do Global Adult Tobacco Survey (Levantamento Global do Tabagismo em Adultos). Resultados. A maioria dos PAO, variando de 86,1% (no México) a 95,9% (no Brasil), concordou parcial ou totalmente com a necessidade de integrar o abandono do tabagismo ao tratamento do câncer. Entretanto, o treinamento inadequado sobre o abandono do tabagismo foi relatado por 66,9% no México, 69,4% na Colôm- bia (Floridablanca), 70,4% na Argentina, 72,9% no Peru, 85,8% no Brasil e 86,4% na Colômbia (Medellín), e essa diferença foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). Além disso, a prevalência atual de consumo de cigarro entre os PAO foi de 2,5% no Brasil, 4,6% no Peru, 6,3% na Colômbia (Floridablanca), 10,4% na Colômbia (Medellín), 11,5% no México, e 15,1% na Argentina, mostrando uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). Conclusões. Os esforços na América Latina devem ser direcionados para o auxílio aos PAO em seus esforços de abandonar o tabagismo e para o treinamento sobre métodos para abandono do tabagismo, com o objetivo de melhorar o prognóstico e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com câncer.

Human Papillomavirus, Cytomegalovirus Infection and P16 Staining in Breast Tumors from Peruvian Women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency distribution of viral infections in Peruvian Breast Cancer (BC) lesions and its association with clinicopathological features. Additionally, a prospective evaluation of p16 and Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) levels were performed for developing a comprehensive analysis. METHODS: Detection of high risk- human papillomavirus (HR- HPV) through qPCR was performed in 447 BC and 79 non-cancer frozen samples. Paired paraffin samples from 238 BC were stained with Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and p16 immunohistochemistry. TIL was calculated in 397 BC cases. RESULTS: HCMV was positive in 72.5%. HR- HPV was detected in 2.9% of BC and 1.3% of non-malignant samples. P16+ was found in 28.15% and median TIL percentage was 30. HR- HPV infection was associated with non-ductal histology (p=0.003) and p16+ (p=0.017). Positive P16+ was associated with higher T stage (p=0.022), grade (p=0.009), TIL level (p=0.002), and triple-negative phenotype (p=0.021). CONCLUSION: HCMV is frequent, but HR- HPV infection is unusual in Peruvian BC. P16+ is associated with HR- PVH infection, high TIL and aggressive features.

Smoking cessation knowledge and perceptions of cancer care providers at six Latin American cancer institutions / Conocimientos e impresiones acerca de dejar de fumar entre prestadores de atención a pacientes con cáncer de seis instituciones oncológicas de América Latina / Conhecimento e percepções de profissionais de atenção oncológica sobre o abandono do tabagismo em seis instituições de oncologia da América Latina

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the characteristics, self-reported tobacco use, knowledge, and perceptions about smoking cessation among cancer care providers (CCPs), as well as perceived barriers to inform interventions that can potentially improve quitting rates and the prognosis of cancer patients in Latin America. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 996 CCPs in six cancer institutions located in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. An online survey consisting of 28 close-ended questions adapted from the 2012 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer survey and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey was administered. Results. The majority of CCPs, ranging from 86.1% in Mexico to 95.9% in Brazil, agreed or strongly agreed that smoking cessation should be integrated into cancer treatment. However, inadequate training on smoking cessation was reported by 66.9%, 69.4%, 70.4%, 72.9%, 85.8%, and 86.4% in Mexico, Colombia (Floridablanca), Argentina, Peru, Brazil, and Colombia (Medellín), respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Moreover, current cigarette smoking prevalence among CCPs was 2.5% in Brazil, 4.6% in Peru, 6.3% in Colombia (Floridablanca), 10.4% in Colombia (Medellín), 11.5% in Mexico, and 15.1% in Argentina, showing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Efforts in Latin America should be geared toward assisting CCPs with their quitting efforts and training in smoking cessation practices aimed at achieving a better prognosis and improving cancer patients' quality of life.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar entre los prestadores de atención a pacientes con cáncer las características, el consumo de tabaco referido por la misma persona, sus conocimientos y sus impresiones acerca de dejar de fumar, así como los obstáculos percibidos, para sustentar las intervenciones que puedan mejorar las tasas de abandono del consumo y el pronóstico de los pacientes con cáncer en América Latina. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 996 prestadores de atención oncológica en seis instituciones oncológicas ubicadas en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, México y Perú. Se realizó una encuesta en línea con 28 preguntas cerradas adaptadas de la encuesta de la Asociación Internacional para el Estudio del Cáncer de Pulmón del 2012 y la Encuesta Mundial de Tabaquismo en Adultos. Resultados. La mayoría de los prestadores de atención oncológica, del 86,1% en México al 95,9% en Brasil, estuvieron de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo con que el abandono del tabaco debería integrarse en el tratamiento del cáncer. Sin embargo, 66,9%, 69,4%, 70,4%, 72,9%, 85,8% y 86,4% en México, Colombia (Floridablanca), Argentina, Perú, Brasil y Colombia (Medellín), respectivamente, dieron parte de una formación inadecuada en cuanto al abandono del tabaco, y esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Además, la prevalencia actual del consumo de tabaco entre los proveedores de atención oncológica fue de 2,5% en Brasil, 4,6% en Perú, 6,3% en Colombia (Floridablanca), 10,4 % en Colombia (Medellín), 11,5% en México y 15,1% en Argentina, y mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Conclusiones. En América Latina, deben canalizarse los esfuerzos para ayudar a los prestadores de atención oncológica a abandonar el consumo de tabaco y apoyarlos en la capacitación acerca de las prácticas de abandono del tabaco dirigidas a lograr un pronóstico más favorable y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con cáncer.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar as características, o uso autorrelatado de tabaco, o conhecimento e as percepções sobre o abandono do tabagismo entre os profissionais da área de oncologia (PAO), bem como as barreiras percebidas, a fim de guiar intervenções que possam melhorar as taxas de abandono e o prognóstico de pacientes com câncer na América Latina. Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 996 PAO em seis instituições de oncologia localizadas na Argentina, no Brasil, na Colômbia, no México e no Peru. Administrou-se uma pesquisa on-line com 28 perguntas fechadas, adaptadas do levantamento realizado em 2012 pela Associação Internacional para o Estudo do Câncer de Pulmão e do Global Adult Tobacco Survey (Levantamento Global do Tabagismo em Adultos). Resultados. A maioria dos PAO, variando de 86,1% (no México) a 95,9% (no Brasil), concordou parcial ou totalmente com a necessidade de integrar o abandono do tabagismo ao tratamento do câncer. Entretanto, o treinamento inadequado sobre o abandono do tabagismo foi relatado por 66,9% no México, 69,4% na Colômbia (Floridablanca), 70,4% na Argentina, 72,9% no Peru, 85,8% no Brasil e 86,4% na Colômbia (Medellín), e essa diferença foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). Além disso, a prevalência atual de consumo de cigarro entre os PAO foi de 2,5% no Brasil, 4,6% no Peru, 6,3% na Colômbia (Floridablanca), 10,4% na Colômbia (Medellín), 11,5% no México, e 15,1% na Argentina, mostrando uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). Conclusões. Os esforços na América Latina devem ser direcionados para o auxílio aos PAO em seus esforços de abandonar o tabagismo e para o treinamento sobre métodos para abandono do tabagismo, com o objetivo de melhorar o prognóstico e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com câncer.

Effect of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Infectious Complications in Patients with Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Undergoing Urologic Surgery / Efecto de la profilaxis antibiótica sobre las complicaciones infecciosas en pacientes con bacteriuria asintomática programados a cirugía urológica

Objectives To identify the effect of duration of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) and other variables on infectious postsurgical complications in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) undergoing urological surgery. Methods We conducted an observational study of a cohort of patients with ASB scheduled for urologic surgery at three health service providers in Colombia. The study population comprised all patients with planned urologic surgery who had ASB prior to surgery from April 2018 to January 2019. The intervention evaluated was the duration of preoperative SAP, and the outcome variable was the development of any postoperative infectious complications for up to 30 days after the procedure. Results The present study included 184 patients with ASB scheduled for urologic surgery. The median duration of preoperative SAP (p = 0.49) or of 1 dose SAP (risk ratio [RR] = 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45­3.39) were not statistically different in patients with postsurgical infectious complications. Infectious complications were more frequent among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (RR = 6.57; 95%CI: 1.98­21.76) and hospitalization in the preceding 3 months (RR = 8.32; 95%CI: 2.69­25.71). Conclusion One dose of antimicrobial therapy is sufficient to avoid infectious complications in patients with ASB. There were other factors associated with postsurgical infectious complications, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and hospitalization in the preceding 3 months.

Objetivos Identificar el efecto de la duración de la profilaxis antibiótica quirúrgica (PAQ) y otras variables sobre las complicaciones infecciosas posquirúrgicas en pacientes con bacteriuria asintomática (BA) sometidos a cirugía urológica. Métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional de una cohorte de pacientes con BA programados para cirugía urológica en tres instituciones de salud en Colombia. La población de estudio comprendió a todos los pacientes programados para cirugía urológica y con BA en el periodo de Abril del 2018 a Enero 2019. La intervención evaluada fue la duración de la PAQ preoperatoria, y la variable de resultado fue el desarrollo de cualquier complicación infecciosa posoperatoria hasta 30 días después del procedimiento. Resultados El estudio incluyó a 184 pacientes con BA programados para cirugía urológica. La mediana de duración de la PAQ preoperatoria (p = 0,49) o 1 dosis de PAQ (razón de riesgo [RR]: 1,24; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 0,45 a 3,39) no fueron estadísticamente diferentes en pacientes con complicaciones infecciosas posquirúrgicas. Las complicaciones infecciosas fueron más frecuentes entre los pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna (RR: 6,57; IC del 95%: 1,98 a 21,76) y hospitalización en los 3 meses anteriores (RR: 8,32; IC del 95%: 2,69 a 25,71). Conclusión Una dosis de terapia antimicrobiana es suficiente para evitar complicaciones infecciosas en pacientes con BA. Hubo otros factores asociados con complicaciones infecciosas posquirúrgicas, como hiperplasia prostática benigna y hospitalización en los tres meses anteriores.

Factores asociados a complicaciones infecciosas posoperatorias en pacientes con urolitiasis / Factors Associated with Postoperative Infectious Complications in Patients with Urolitiasis

Introducción Se encuentran múltiples tratamientos para la urolitiasis, los cuales dependen en gran medida del tamaño y la ubicación de la litiasis. Dentro de las opciones terapéuticas se encuentran la expulsión activa, utilización de ondas de choque, las ureterolitotomias, y procedimientos endoscópicos, todas con diferentes tasas de efectividad y riesgo de complicación infecciosa. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los factores asociados a la complicación infecciosa posterior al procedimiento urológico en pacientes con urolitiasis. Métodos Estudio de casos y controles anidado a una cohorte de pacientes programados para procedimientos urológicos como tratamiento para la urolitiasis durante el periodo 2015 - 2019. Se consideraron casos, aquellos con complicación infecciosa posoperatoria dentro de los 30 días posteriores al procedimiento urológico. Los controles se seleccionaron de la cohorte inicial y fueron los pacientes que no presentaron complicación infecciosa. Resultados En el periodo de estudio, fueron atendidos 350 pacientes con litiasis renal, con un total de 1258 cálculos. El número promedio de cálculos por paciente fue de 3,59; la prevalencia de litiasis bilateral fue del 57%, siendo similar la cantidad de cálculos en el lado izquierdo (promedio = 1,4) y en el derecho (promedio = 1,44). La tasa de complicación infecciosa posquirúrgica fue del 4% (n= 14) y se asoció con la presencia de al menos un cálculo mayor de 20 mm (OR 4,49 IC95% 1,39­14,52). Conclusión La tasa de complicación infecciosa posoperatoria en pacientes con urolitiasis y programados para procedimientos urológicos es baja. Una longitud del cálculo mayor de 20 mm es un factor asociado a la infección posoperatoria.

Introduction There are multiple treatments for urolithiasis, which largely depend on the size and location of the lithiasis. Among the therapeutic options are active expulsion, use of shock waves, urolithotomies, and endoscopic procedures, all with different rates of effectiveness and risk of infectious complications. The objective of the study was to evaluate the factors associated with the infectious complication after the urological procedure in patients with urolithiasis. Methods Case-control study nested in a cohort of patients scheduled for urological procedures as treatment for urolithiasis during the period 2015-2019. Cases were considered, those with postoperative infectious complication within 30 days after the urological procedure. The controls were selected from the initial cohort and were the patients who did not present an infectious complication. Results During the study period, 350 patients with kidney stones were treated, with a total of 1258 stones. The average number of stones per patient was 3.59; the prevalence of bilateral lithiasis was 57%, the number of stones being similar on the left side (average = 1.4) and on the right (average = 1.44). The postoperative infectious complication rate was 4% (n = 14) and was associated with the presence of at least one stone larger than 20 mm (OR 4.49 95% CI 1.39 - 14.52). Conclusion The postoperative infectious complication rate in patients with urolithiasis and scheduled for urological procedures is low. A stone length greater than 20 mm is a factor associated with postoperative infection.

Factors associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria in a cohort of patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria who underwent urological surgery.

BACKGROUND: Although the factors associated to bacterial resistance in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) have been studied in pregnant, fertile age women, patients with spinal cord injury, and those with urogynecological disorders, nothing is known about the factors associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in patients with ASB and planned urological procedures. This study therefore sought to identify the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with MDR bacteria in a cohort of patients with ASB scheduled for urological procedures. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study on a cohort of patients with ASB and planned urological procedures at 3 Colombian medical centers. Cases were patients with MDR bacteria and controls were patients without MDR bacteria. RESULTS: A total of 184 patients were included, 41.8% (n = 77) of whom presented ASB with MDR bacteria. The factors linking ASB with MDR bacteria were: advanced age (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.06) and hospitalization within the 3-month period before surgery (odds ratio, 2.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-5.21). CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial resistance is frequent among patients with ASB and planned urological procedures. Advanced age and prior hospitalization should be borne in mind for patients with planned urological procedures because they are factors associated with the presence of MDR bacteria.

The implementation of the Plan Esperanza and response to the imPACT Review.

Following the implementation of the National Cancer Prevention and Control Results-based Budget Programme (PpR Cancer-024) in 2011, the Peruvian Government approved the Plan Esperanza-a population-based national cancer control plan-in 2012. Legislation that ensured full government-supported funding for people who were otherwise unable to access or afford care and treatment accompanied the Plan. In 2013, the Ministry of Health requested an integrated mission of the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (imPACT) report to strengthen cancer control in Peru. The imPACT Review, which was executed in 2014, assessed Peru's achievements in cancer control, and areas for improvement, including cancer control planning, further development of population-based cancer registration, increased prevention, early diagnosis, treatment and palliative care, and the engagement and participation of civil society in the health-care system. This Series paper gives a brief history of the development of the Plan Esperanza, describes the innovative funding model that supports it, and summarises how funds are disseminated on the basis of disease, geography, and demographics. An overview of the imPACT Review, and the government's response in the context of the Plan Esperanza, is provided. The development and execution of the Plan Esperanza and the execution of and response to the imPACT Review demonstrates the Peruvian Government's commitment to fighting cancer across the country, including in remote and urban areas.

[Accelerating cancer control innovations in Peru]. / Acelerando la innovación en el control del cáncer en el Perú.

Against a backdrop of global equity in cancer prevention and control, the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN), a national reference center, has designed and developed innovative strategies and programs with the intent to meet institutional goals through health promotion interventions and cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatments that benefit the national population. The INEN Schools and Centers of Excellence have played an important role in the process of determining the results of these actions. The Center of Excellence in Cervical Cancer Training is an interventional pioneer that has applied a methodological design intended to improve health professional skills and has disseminated this model to other Schools of Excellence. Through this intervention, the skills of 12,194 health professionals trained by the INEN have been strengthened with respect to nationwide promotion and primary and secondary prevention during the period of 2012-2015.

Acelerando la innovación en el control del cáncer en el Perú / Accelerating cancer control innovations in Peru

RESUMEN En el marco de las acciones globales en la prevención y control del cáncer, el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN), centro de referencia nacional, ha diseñado y desarrollado estrategias y programas innovadores que están orientados al cumplimiento de los objetivos institucionales a través de las intervenciones de promoción de la salud, prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer, que benefician a la población a nivel nacional. En el proceso de obtener resultados de estas acciones, las escuelas y centros de excelencia del INEN, han desarrollado un papel muy importante. El Centro de Excelencia en la Capacitación en Cáncer de Cuello Uterino es el pionero en estas intervenciones con diseño metodológico aplicado a la mejora de las competencias de los profesionales de la salud, siendo este modelo diseminado a las otras escuelas de excelencias. Como resultado de su intervención, se han logrado fortalecer las competencias de 12 194 profesionales de la salud, capacitados por el INEN en promoción y prevención primaria y secundaria, a nivel nacional, durante el periodo del 2012-2015.

ABSTRACT Against a backdrop of global equity in cancer prevention and control, the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN), a national reference center, has designed and developed innovative strategies and programs with the intent to meet institutional goals through health promotion interventions and cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatments that benefit the national population. The INEN Schools and Centers of Excellence have played an important role in the process of determining the results of these actions. The Center of Excellence in Cervical Cancer Training is an interventional pioneer that has applied a methodological design intended to improve health professional skills and has disseminated this model to other Schools of Excellence. Through this intervention, the skills of 12,194 health professionals trained by the INEN have been strengthened with respect to nationwide promotion and primary and secondary prevention during the period of 2012-2015.

Drenaje venoso pulmonar anómalo parcial del pulmón izquierdo: Corrección mediante toracotomía sin circulación extracorpórea / Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the left lung: Correction through thoracotomy without extracorporeal circulation

Se describen dos casos de drenaje venoso pulmonar anómalo parcial del pulmón izquierdo a la vena vertical, la cual drena a su vez a la vena innominada, en dos niños de 6 y 8 años respectivamente. Se exponen el cuadro clínico, los hallazgos del cateterismo, la evolución clínica y el resultado postquirúrgico; adicionalmente, se hace una revisión de la literatura.

Two cases of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the left lung to the vertical vein, which in turn drains to the innominate vein, are described in two 6 and 8 year old children. The clinical picture, catheterization findings, clinical course and postoperative outcome are discussed and a review of the literature is made in addition.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of breast cancer control interventions in Peru.

OBJECTIVES: In Peru, a country with constrained health resources, breast cancer control is characterized by late stage treatment and poor survival. To support breast cancer control in Peru, this study aims to determine the cost-effectiveness of different breast cancer control interventions relevant for the Peruvian context. METHODS: We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) according to WHO-CHOICE guidelines, from a healthcare perspective. Different screening, early detection, palliative, and treatment interventions were evaluated using mathematical modeling. Effectiveness estimates were based on observational studies, modeling, and on information from Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN). Resource utilizations and unit costs were based on estimates from INEN and observational studies. Cost-effectiveness estimates are in 2012 United States dollars (US$) per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted. RESULTS: The current breast cancer program in Peru ($8,426 per DALY averted) could be improved through implementing triennial or biennial screening strategies. These strategies seem the most cost-effective in Peru, particularly when mobile mammography is applied (from $4,125 per DALY averted), or when both CBE screening and mammography screening are combined (from $4,239 per DALY averted). Triennially, these interventions costs between $63 million and $72 million per year. Late stage treatment, trastuzumab therapy and annual screening strategies are the least cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that breast cancer control in Peru should be oriented towards early detection through combining fixed and mobile mammography screening (age 45-69) triennially. However, a phased introduction of triennial CBE screening (age 40-69) with upfront FNA in non-urban settings, and both CBE (age 40-49) and fixed mammography screening (age 50-69) in urban settings, seems a more feasible option and is also cost-effective. The implementation of this intervention is only meaningful if awareness raising, diagnostic, referral, treatment and basic palliative services are simultaneously improved, and if financial and organizational barriers to these services are reduced.

[Genetic counseling about cancer in Peru]. / Asesoría genética sobre cáncer en el Perú.

Cancer is a genetic disease caused by changes in the DNA sequence or expression. Based on the origin of these changes, cancer can be classified as sporadic, and hereditary or familial. Based on the cancer records in Peru, it is expected that 5 to 30% of all patients with cancer, i.e. about 2,000 to 12,000 people, have hereditary cancer, meaning that a similar number of families have a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Therefore, the purpose of genetic counseling is to identify hereditary cancers running in the family in order to prevent diseases and deaths caused by this condition. It is a strategy that allows us to detect and diagnose these types of cancer very early. For this reason, the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases of Peru has been providing genetic diagnosis and counseling services for five years, and represents an important element in the fight against cancer. However, in order to have a greater impact on health, it is necessary to expand and strengthen the training process in genetics and genetic counseling to health care professionals, particularly to physicians and nurses.

Asesoría genética sobre cáncer en el Perú / Genetic counseling about cancer in Peru

El cáncer es una enfermedad genética producto de alteraciones en la secuencia o expresión del ADN. Estas alteraciones, según su origen, nos permiten clasificar el cáncer como esporádico y hereditario o familiar. En base a los registros de cáncer, en el Perú se espera que del 5 al 30% de todos los pacientes con cáncer, que equivale aproximadamente entre 2000 a 12 000 personas, presentarían cáncer del tipo familiar o hereditario, lo que representaría un similar número de familias con un riesgo mayor de desarrollar cáncer que el de la población en general. El propósito de la asesoría genética es identificar cánceres hereditarios en una familia con el fin de prevenir la enfermedad y la muerte por este mal. Es una estrategia que nos puede permitir detectar y diagnosticar con antelación estos cánceres. Es por este motivo que en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Perú se realizan consultas de diagnóstico y asesoría genética desde hace cinco años, constituyéndose en un elemento importante para la lucha contra el cáncer, sin embargo, para lograr un mayor impacto en la salud requiere ampliar y fortalecer el proceso de capacitación en genética y asesoría genética a profesionales de la salud, sobre todo a médicos y enfermeras.

Cancer is a genetic disease caused by changes in the DNA sequence or expression. Based on the origin of these changes, cancer can be classified as sporadic, and hereditary or familial. Based on the cancer records in Peru, it is expected that 5 to 30% of all patients with cancer, i.e. about 2,000 to 12,000 people, have hereditary cancer, meaning that a similar number of families have a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Therefore, the purpose of genetic counseling is to identify hereditary cancers running in the family in order to prevent diseases and deaths caused by this condition. It is a strategy that allows us to detect and diagnose these types of cancer very early. For this reason, the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases of Peru has been providing genetic diagnosis and counseling services for five years, and represents an important element in the fight against cancer. However, in order to have a greater impact on health, it is necessary to expand and strengthen the training process in genetics and genetic counseling to health care professionals, particularly to physicians and nurses.

Laparoscopic augmentation enterocystoplasty through a single trocar.

OBJECTIVES: To report on the initial case and surgical technique of laparoendoscopic, single-site, subtotal cystectomy and augmentation enterocystoplasty performed through a single multichannel transumbilical port in a patient with neurogenic bladder. METHODS: Laparoendoscopic, single-site, subtotal cystectomy and augmentation enterocystoplasty was performed in a 20-year-old woman with neurogenic bladder secondary to congenital sacral lipoma that had been operated on at 2 years of age. The patient had a long history of urinary incontinence and frequent and urgent urination. The imaging and urodynamic studies revealed a 100-mL bladder capacity with thickened walls, countless diverticula, and low compliance. The procedure was performed exclusively using a novel multichannel access port. Additional instruments included the 5-mm video laparoscope, SonoSurge, and flexible scissors. Subtotal cystectomy was initially performed by resecting 70% of the bladder. The ileal loop was exteriorized through the single port by detaching the valve, and the ileal pouch and bowel continuity were restored extracorporeally. The vesicoileal anastomosis was performed laparoscopically. RESULTS: The operating time was 300 minutes, and the blood loss was <100 mL. No intraoperative or postoperative complications developed. The hospital stay was 6 days. The drain and Foley catheter were removed at 7 and 21 days postoperatively, respectively. Postoperative cystography confirmed a watertight anastomosis and increased bladder capacity. At last follow-up, the patient was performing intermittent self-catheterization to complete emptying. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience with laparoendoscopic, single-site, subtotal cystectomy and enterocystoplasty through a single port was encouraging. The use of the larger diameter port significantly facilitated extracorporeal bowel reconstruction and can be used for various minimally invasive surgical procedures.

Visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening outside of low-resource settings.

OBJECTIVES: To assess visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) as a screening tool for use in a well-equipped health center in Peru, to evaluate VIA as an alternative or adjunct to the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, and to determine if VIA can play a role in settings other than low-resource ones. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 1 921 asymptomatic women living in Lima, Peru, carried out in 1999 and 2000. The study was performed at a cancer center equipped with the latest-generation technology and highly trained oncologists. The women underwent a complete clinical evaluation, including a Pap smear and VIA. Participants with any positive test were referred for colposcopy and biopsy. RESULTS: More women tested positive by VIA than on the Pap smear (6.9% vs. 4.2%; P = 0.0001). There were 35 women with histologic cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN 1); of these, 15 were detected by Pap and 20 by VIA (P = 0.4). A diagnosis of CIN 2 or 3 (CIN 2-3) was confirmed in a total of 13 cases; Pap detected 5 of the cases and VIA 11 of the cases (P = 0.06). The positive predictive value for detection of CIN 2+ was 8.3% for VIA and 6.3% for Pap (P = 0.5). Most importantly, while only 2.3% of patients with a positive VIA were lost to follow-up before colposcopy, that was true for 26.3% of the women with a positive Pap smear (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: VIA is useful for detection of precursor lesions of cervical cancer not only in low-resource settings but also in well-equipped health centers and cancer centers. In these non-low-resource settings, VIA has a positive predictive value comparable to the conventional Pap smear, but it is more likely to achieve earlier diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment than cytology-based screening.